witcher 3 how to craft runes. It does 20 less damage than the Viper Silver Sword, but it has 3 rune slots (Plus it looks AWESOME ). witcher 3 how to craft runes

 
 It does 20 less damage than the Viper Silver Sword, but it has 3 rune slots (Plus it looks AWESOME )witcher 3 how to craft runes  Climb the small ledge to reach the chest with the Mastercrafted Griffin Steel Sword diagram inside

One being the Armorsmith, Fergus Graem at Crow's Perch in. Runes, All Accessories. I am sharing this information: Buy first a Crafting Diagram: Leaser glyph or lesser runestone. I have the following diagrams: Greater Svarog. Lesser Devana runestone Greater Devana runestone See the GWENT standalone game version. It is protective and some use it as a symbol of the goddess. Before Geralt can ask a blacksmith or armorer to craft. The most dependable and foolproof effect, adding Chernobogs to your weapons will increase your overall sword damage. Now that I know. You either lose the weapon and keep the rune, or lose the rune and keep the weapon. Similarly, armor can only be forged by Armorers. In order to craft one Lesser, you need. 2. Veles runestone. The Journeyman Blacksmiths can create higher-level weapons than the Amateur-ranked Blacksmiths. The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt is available on PC, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One and was released on May 19, 2015. Prev Page Witcher 3 Skellige side quests Next Page Witcher 3 Blood and Wine. #6. To use the item codes, you will first need to enable the cheat console in Witcher 3. Those are 1 black pearl dust and 1 infused dust. . Adding items command. There exist two books titled Do It Yourself one of which appears in The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings, and the other in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. Once you collect all materials, go to any Blacksmith and Armorer Journeyman. To craft an item in The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings, you must have a diagram describing how it is produced and the crafting components listed in that diagram. Visit any Journeyman Blacksmith to craft the swords and a Journeyman Armorer to get the armor set. The amount of armor is negligible. In these dedicated. It can be purchased from the following merchants: Keira Metz In Slavic mythology, Dazhbog is a god of sun and the son of Svarog. Type the name or spawn code of a Witcher 3 item into the search box below to instantly search our database. In Chapter III, found on the corpse between the 2nd and 3rd archways in the Kikimore queen's lair. The Enhanced Wolven set requires level 21 to wear. Google provided no concrete answers. Level 32. OSRS Runecrafting Guide 1-99. You'll need 3 runes to have a new silver sword avalable, just like the meteorites. They only sell 8 of the 10 greater runestones between them though. Most of the ones dealing with signs are glyphs. You can combine Lesser stones into Greater ones, Aerondight (Best Silver Sword) Iris (Best Special Effect Steel Sword) Toussaint Knight’s Steel Sword (Best Steel Sword) Belhaven Blade (Honorable Mention #1) Hen Gaidth Steel Sword (Honorable Mention #2) Gesheft (Honorable Mention #3) Witcher School Gear Weapons. To do this you will need to collect at least 3 permanent runes and then talk with a blacksmith. Also if you have, say, 5 or 6 of those all the combinations will be on display for you to buy. The process requires. This is the third Tier of the Wolf School Gear, you need a few rare and/or special things to craft it. There are two kinds of ess, normal and pure. #5. Steel swords can not be branded, they must be reforged, although the actual process for the upgrades within the confines of the game is very similar. if you're short even on a few of the mats crafting quickly becomes more expensive than simply buying the runes. Venisia Gonzalez Are you looking to know more about runestones for weapons? How about crafting runestones? Well everything you need for The Witcher 3:. Lowe May 29, 2015 @ 6:00am. The moment you buy one go back to the chat options and choose buying again. removemoney (amount) Removes specified number of Crowns (money). Diagrams. You can combine Lesser stones into Greater ones,Here’s a detailed list of the best weapons in Witcher 3. fyi - you can buy greater weapon runes from the alchemist outside the oxenfurt gate in novigrad for 680 crown a pop. Those are 1 black pearl dust and 1 infused dust. You can start crafting as soon as you get a diagram for the lowest level of the time. Am I missing something or is the game bugged or do I need all the lesser diagrams first? *Please note, that a lot of players find the diagrams in different locations to the video. Also if you have, say, 5 or 6 of those all the combinations will be on display for you to buy. SHAREfactory™if you have 3 stones from every type, you can choose from 9 swords. - Rune and its schematic purchasable from same merchants as fire runes. The second one is the Blacksmith located in LindenVale. Any combination of three runestones can be branded onto a silver sword by a blacksmith to create a rune sword with different effects. Is there something special, or someone in particular I need to take runes to in order to craft them, or is this just a bug?The Viper Witcher Gear is an armor set that can be acquired during the Hearts of Stone expansion in The Witcher 3. The base price of The Witcher 3 best crossbow is 94 Crowns. Loot the Grandmaster Wolven diagrams for the. The game. Sci-fi. Runecrafting is a skill that allowing players to craft runes for Magic spells at Runecrafting altars. How to Craft Runestones and Glyps in The Witcher 3. Tvarog runestone is a runestone in the Hearts of Stone expansion that is needed for the Dumplings runeword which, when in effect, causes any food consumed to regenerate 400% more vitality (100% before Patch 4. Same applies to armor and glyphs. After typing a command into the console, hit ENTER to send it. You need to go to the Devil’s pit and complete the quest called In The Eternal Fire’s Shadow to get the "first" part of the diagrams in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. Climb the small ledge to reach the chest with the Mastercrafted Griffin Steel Sword diagram inside. Only one Runeword can be applied to a weapon, replacing existing upgrades. The Viroledan Blade is a powerful alternative to the. Ursine crossbow has +210% Attack power, +1 – 2% Adrenaline Point gain, 2% Critical hit damage bonus, +5% Critical hit chance, and +15% Bonus experience from monsters. I'd sell all lesser and medium runes/glyphs and only bother with greater runes/glyphs. It was directed by Hidetaka Miyazaki with worldbuilding provided by fantasy writer George R. Fantasy. In the same square where the guard who gives you that contract, there is a blacksmith who can craft the swords. if i had kept things like shells for black pearl powder and. The following quests can also be started if. This page contains information on weapon Crafting that can be crafted in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt . Items can only be crafted with the help of craftsmen, who collect a fee for their work. Once inside the shop, move to the Crafting section and select Dismantle. FightinWelsh 3. The basic materials needed to craft runes are: – 1x piece of crystal. Fantasy. the merchants skill level depends on how good of. For The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt on the PlayStation 4, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "crafting runes and glyphs". Greater rune is crafted by master armorer or smith, otherwise the diagram just wouldn't show up. The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. Perun runestone × 1. Climb up the ladder and go upstairs once inside, the diagram is in a. This Witcher Gear guide details everything you need to know about obtaining the. The best diagrams can be completed by one of two Master Crafters. Branding runes onto a basic silver sword enhances the basic qualities of the sword providing a number of. Runecraft should be left for the best swords. Reactions:. He is the only crafter in the entire game that can do it. Sci-fi. Sci-fi. It will automatically make the runes for you. Originally, food items had weight, but this was later removed. Is there something special, or someone in particular I need to take runes to in order to craft them, or is this just a bug?The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (PlayStation 4) How does runestone crafting work? I have a few diagrams for runestones, namely for a Chernobog runestone. Cured Leather x1. It is also possible to find it in the chest in Ruined elven baths. Diagram: Lesser runestone is a crafting diagram in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt that is needed to craft lesser runestones . Here you will also find detailed instructions on where to find and how to craft all of them! This guide is up-to-date for The Witcher 3 Next-Gen version (Update 4. The best craftable crossbow that can be found in The Witcher 3 is the Feline Crossbow. 2. He is there's from about 11am, same as the Oxenfurt one. In Chapter IV: found on the corpse west of the ruined bridge. All Relic weapons should have 3 Rune. 5. The name of the item in the shop is “Ibrahim Savi’s third map” and the name of the quest is “Scavenger Hunt: Bear School Gear Upgrade Diagrams – Part 3”. That Oferi dude in the Hos expansion is the next one I think after you waste like 35,000 crowns on him. To craft a weapon or armor piece, you need the associated diagram and crafting components. . In this guide, we will show you all the ways you can improve your character’s statistics and armor, by using runes and reinforcements. The elven smith in Novigrad can craft them. "I seek a thousand answers, I find but one or two. Type Crafting diagram Source Purchase Produces Greater Chernobog runestone Weight 0 Item ID Rune elemental greater schematic Diagram: Greater Chernobog runestone is a. I can't read them in the menu 2. There are a series of minor (but 20+ level) quests you need to do before he'll sell them, but he does have them. In Chapter III, received from the Royal huntsman for turning in 5 trophies. You can buy them, Hattori or the lady in Crow's Perch or basically every armorer/blacksmith in Skellige. Stack the Words on top of your other Runes/Glyphs, and not replace them. The armorsmith sells all. 10, food and drinks effects were stackable (could consume one. Permanent runes are branded onto blades to produce silver swords of a higher quality than the base weapon, they can not be used on steel swords. I know I have collected some diagrams, but when I go to the crafting. Runes and inscriptions. (or lv. After enabling the debug console, press the ~ or F2 key on your keyboard or ö if you have Swedish keyboard to open it (~ Thanks Skog). It requires 2 lesser Chernobog runestones to craft. 2016 um 22:54. Devana runestone is a runestone in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. Successfully charging up your Aerondight will guarantee that your next attack will always deal a critical hit. Craft master gear first but don't bother about the wolf gear as you can craft its final version without having the previous ones. then meditate for a day. Though Geralt cannot craft gear on his own, he can save a few crowns by taking the necessary materials to an Armorsmith or Blacksmith. I currently have EIGHT in my inventory but when I go to a blacksmith/armoured to craft it says in red that I have 0/2 required components, even though I have 8 in my inventory. For a greater rune you need some normal runes, for normal runes you need some lesser runes, and to craft a lesser rune you need black pearl dust and some infused dust or whatever. Ysgith Rune +7% Damage, +8% Bleed; Comments: Gets a little better damage in exchange for lower percentage of bleed, which is not as good as incinerate. The Forgotten Wolf School Gear is the latest addition of Witcher Gear included in The Witcher 3 Next-Gen Update. Blacksmiths have a remove upgrade option that I think will destroy the sword, but keep the runestones. If you dismantle an item, you recover any runestones you have on it. to break open the broken wall. Fun. Runecraft (also known as Runecrafting) is a skill that allows players to craft their own runes for Magic spells. Greater rune is crafted by master armorer or smith, otherwise the diagram just wouldn't show up. Horror. It is an expensive item to craft and is. Just bring the rune essence in your inventory and click on the altar. And I would avoid slotting runes in my preferred witcher set unless it is a greater rune. The highlighted item will display the materials to be gained from dismantling, down the right side of the. Stun is much better than stagger or freeze effects, as usually it lasts longer and will give you more time to finish off your opponents. A vast selection of titles, DRM-free, with free goodies, and lots of pure customer love. Mystic River. This runestone has no effect when placed in an upgrade slot, and raises the weapon's level. Cryptoit depends on your style, what tactics you like/want in your combat, i use the runes that increase the range of the swords, and activating quen at the start of combat in one armor and rejecting all arrows in another armor, take a look at the runes and see it for yourself, you will urely find something useful, there is one, that makes enemies attacked. Just in case. From there, you can select the items you want to dismantle on the left side of the screen, while the crafting components you will receive are displayed the right. removemoney (#) - Removes desired amount of crown. Diagram: Tvarog runestone is a crafting diagram in the Hearts of Stone expansion that is needed to craft Tvarog runestone . #5. You do the math. I avoided everything for spoilers and still saw it all over. This means that even the fastest methods will only give you small. When disassembled, it provides silk (1), powdered pearl (1), feather (1), and Monstrous blood (1). Required Level ? 1x Rune Chernobog Lesser. Ashyne May 26, 2015 @ 6:58pm. 0). 1) Chernobog Runestones. . After enabling the debug console, press the ~ or F2 key on your keyboard or ö if you have Swedish keyboard to open it (~ Thanks Skog). It requires 2 lesser Chernobog runestones to craft. ago. This crafting diagram should now be available in the crafting menu under the tab "Crafting Components". Players will need the services of a Journeyman Blacksmith to forge the Harpy Silver Sword. I currently have EIGHT in my inventory but when I go to a blacksmith/armoured to craft it says in red that I have 0/2 required components, even though I have 8 in my inventory. Spoiler: Show. I explain where to find the runewright and what he can do for you. The three other diagrams are found under the tab. TAGS Griffin School Gear, witcher 3 armor, witcher 3 weapons. Geralt of Rivia will have to bring the required materials to a blacksmith to have new professionally crafted swords and crossbows. Fantasy. Geralt starts the game with one fire rune. 143862. Its how you make witcher armor and weapons as well as oils. Same applies to armor and glyphs. Horror. Get the Mastercrafted Ursine Silver Sword diagram from a chest at the top of a small island northwest of Road to Bald Mountain in southern Velen. From any armorer, merchant or swordsmith. Greater Svarog runestone is a runestone in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt that adds +30 armor piercing. Over the course of the quest "Mystic River", Geralt learns about Vran armor and how to craft it. #4. r/witcher • Never saw official mentions of the show being a faithful adaptation till the recent marketing for season 3. When he and Dulla set sail for the area, their ship was struck by a storm and while the. Icon. Weight-Reducing Gear: Make sure you have a lot of weight-reducing gear to speed up your runs and slow your drain rate on your run energy. The main source of new Runes/Sigils is extracting them from gear with Upgrade Extractors or Black Lion Salvage Kits. Superior Griffin Gauntlets x1. You have to dismantle the sword to keep the runes intact. Glyphs give a percentage bonus to specific sign intensity. As this is not a Witcher Item, it can't be upgraded in the current version of the game. Mastercrafted Griffin Gauntlets. The Glyph of Infusion (rating: Magic) is required to enchant a piece of armor as it’s the base component to crafting Lesser Glyphs. However, he can also make master-level armor and weapons once you've paid for his upgrades. Enter the ruins guarded by a cyclops to find the Mastercrafted armor set diagrams. Go east of Fornhala on Ard Skellig. Both require you complete their quests. When you open the Rune Forge menu, you will see two main tabs – Engrave and Sell. Triglav gives your weapon a chance to stun an enemy, while Devana inflicts bleeding. The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (PlayStation 4) How does runestone crafting work? I have a few diagrams for runestones, namely for a Chernobog runestone. (Back to Main Menu) Nav: Chapter 1 Items; Chapter 2 Items; Chapter 3 Items; Runes and Reinforcements (weapon and armor upgrades); Help with Crafting (and how to find ingredients); Quest and Item help (a guide to several end game item quests). If you need a master level craftsman for something, there's only a few in the game you can turn to. Successfully charging up your Aerondight will guarantee that your next attack will always deal a critical hit. Best Crossbows. The Glyph of Infusion (rating: Magic) is required to enchant a piece of armor as it’s the base component to crafting Lesser Glyphs. thanks for the info, on meteorites say that i need 3 of them, but on rune doesn't. Id only really recommend selling armor and weapons you dont want. Each Armor Diagram lists specific Crafting Components and amounts required to forge a piece of armor. . And if that isn't it try the master swordsmith in Novigrad he's a master but I don. The complete information needed to craft this item can be found below. There are two ways to do it. Rinse and repeat, 1-1. Master Craftsmen can craft 'greater' runes. It is needed to craft the following items: The Beast of White Orchard There is a possible bug where buckthorn will spawn out of the water on land. I forget what it is called but it is the lowest tab on screen. Any combination of three Runestones can be branded onto a silver sword by a blacksmith to create a rune sword with different effects. There are 3 quality tiers for food and another 3 for drinks. Lesser runestone is a crafting component in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt that is needed to craft the following items: It can be purchased from the following merchants: Quartermaster at the Nilfgaardian Garrison Blacksmith in Blackbough Blacksmith in Oreton Runewright at Upper Mill. The lowest tier of the runestones only increases the effect by 2%. Yoanna is the master crafter you need to do the greater glyphs. The name of the item in the shop is “Ibrahim Savi’s third map” and the name of the quest is “Scavenger Hunt: Bear School Gear Upgrade Diagrams – Part 3”. It says that all Runestones and upgrades will be destroyed. In order to apply them, you’ll first need the Enhanced Cat Gear. Lesser Chernobog runestone Chernobog runestone Запроси видео на канале русскийМайк!How to craft Lesser, Greater and Plain Runestones in Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. It's very useful when scavenging for supplies, especially in the sea around Skellige where Geralt can't take Roach. Note that this category is only meant to list subcategories or individual pages that don't fit under any of the subcategories. To craft runes, players first need rune essence, commonly referred to as 'ess'. This is because Runecraft, alongside Agility, Fishing, and Slayer, is one of the slowest skills to level in the game. This diagram is found in a locked chest by a harpy nest atop the Vikk Watchtower, along with New Moon trousers, runestones, horse blinders and crafting components. Greater Devana runestone is a runestone in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt that adds +5% chance to cause bleeding. The. BigMeanMike 8 years ago #3. Runestones have three tiers in the Witcher 3. It requires 2 lesser Chernobog runestones to craft. To craft a. The normal ess can be used to make the six basic runes: air, earth, water, fire, mind, and body. It requires 2 lesser Chernobog runestones to craft. . I like to have multiple swords and give them them more of what they have. Locations: Skellige. Tier 2: Triglav and Devana Runestones. This would yield +75% knockdown, +15% overall damage, and +30% silver sensitivity, where 2x Earth Rune + 1x Moon rune would yield a blade with 15% less sensitivity. See the List of All Weapons Runestones in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt are a category of Equipment Upgrades that Geralt can use to improve his gear. This can help you greatly in obtaining, e. Runestones are socketed into Steel Swords and Silver Swords with empty Sockets available, granting them various effects such as the chance to burn opponents on hit, boosts to attack power or improve the rate at which Geralt gains adrenaline points. addexp (#) - Add desired experience. Similarly, armor can only be forged by Armorers. From there, you can craft the Morana runestone when you buy the diagram for that. I like to stack the bonus. The chest armor for the Manticore School gear set is where the second clue will lead. Runes are constructed as a pattern of odd dimensions (such as 3x3x3 or 5x5x1 blocks). 5k each. It also includes an optional (but recommended!SnakeyesX • 9 yr. Witcher armor will have the best resistance to "monster" damage in the game by quite a bit. The price to buy this weapon is 318-475 Crowns. 2. Each set comes with four armor pieces (armor, boots. What are the best runes in Witcher 3? In any case, below you will find the most universally acknowledged runestones in Witcher 3. Permanent runes (Sun, Moon, Earth) are used to create a new silver sword. Rejuvenation Runewords: Recovers 25%. You'll need 3 runes to have a new silver sword avalable, just like the meteorites. 27. addmoney (amount) Adds specified number of Crowns (money). . setlevel (#) - Add the desired level. When you reach the gate, go around the castle, to the left. When you find the diagrams, this quest will be completed for you automatically. The Manticore Gear is a medium armor set with attributes that benefit alchemy builds. If not, read steps 6 and 7 below. In Chapter IV: found in the chest on Black Tern Island (near the circle of the Last Drop). it may be a bug or intentional, I don't know. Download the best games on Windows & Mac. 2) In the crafting menu you get when you talk to a craftsman choose Dismantle. Witcher 3 crafting glyphs and runestones. You now have three quest markers, so head to each one and use. It can be purchased from the following merchants: Keira Metz at her hut near Midcopse Éibhear Hattori at his forge in Novigrad Devana is a goddess of hunting and protector of the forests in Slavic mythology. Can you unsocket runes in Witcher 3? Go to a smith or armorer and click left to "remove upgrades" - Sometimes you need to pick the "make some armor for me" Dialogue option. sergykid Jul 19, 2015 @ 12:21pm. Go to Kaer Gelen, on Ard Skellig. Talk to him and collect the Witcher’s notes. It can be purchased from the following merchants: the Preacher, an alchemist disguised as an Eternal Fire priest in Electors' Square. J. You'll eventually be able to make runes which is what that stuff is for I believe. And the price to sell is 25-78 Crowns. Crafting is a process that consists of few steps. The Witcher 3 Related Links. additem ('item. It should be compatible with all other mods. It requires 2 lesser Chernobog runestones to craft. This page is a list of all potions and decoctions which are found in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. Go to the southernmost end of Ard Skellig. Witcher 3 best Runestones and their effects: Runewords enhance weapons and armor with unique buffs. Elden Ring is a 2022 action role-playing game developed by FromSoftware. Can be obtained from crafting diagrams, blacksmiths, monster nests, and looting crates or chests. 03 . . Muscle Memory. Runewords are introduced with the Hearts of Stone DLC and they can be imbued onto Steel Swords and Silver Swords that have 3 Slots, much like Runestones. This page of The Witcher 3 Wild Hunt has a list of cheats for creating free items. Finding the diagrams for the Grandmaster Ursine Gear is only one part of the puzzle. go to armorer or blacksmith and under crafting menu there is a tab. To get enchantments. The Master Blacksmiths are the rarest and create top-notch weapons you can't get elsewhere. Runewords use all upgrade slots and free them upon removal. 8, 2016 @ 10:45pm I found both recipes for Greater Runestones and Greater Glyphs in Kaer Muire. As such there appears to be a randomness factor*Also the location. I got a free set of Wolven chest armour, but upgraded the Superior instead, because it had 3 Greater Runes in it already. Been keeping all the crafting materials. How to Upgrade Witcher's steel sword. 0. Geralt is a man of several talents, one of which is the ability to create and apply Runestones to weapons and. Higher tiers make the rune more powerful. Smithies have varying degrees of proficiency, allowing them to fashion different gear. The following quests can also be started if. He is the same merchant. As such there appears to be a randomness factor*Also the location. Once the contents of a Diagram has been read and learned, Geralt can employ the services of an Armorer to. Temerian Armor Set. As a general rule, the best craft-able gear at any given level will be the green-quality Witcher gear. The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings [] See: Craftsman; The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt [] Only a blacksmith can craft weapons in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. setlevel (level) - Sets character level to specific number. Enabling the Mod. Been looking for some decent Runes. And master crafted will have 3 sockets right out of the gate most times. What runes do I need for severance? Crafting Requirements. Then you need the ingredients to craft a Lesser Runestone. Then you need a Blacksmith who you can hire to craft the runestone for you. . Go east of Fornhala on Ard Skellig. Horror. 1 Exotic Arsenal. Schematics, also known as diagrams, are used to craft weapons, armor and many other items. The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (PlayStation 4) How does runestone crafting work? I have a few diagrams for runestones, namely for a Chernobog runestone. I've gone to numerous craftsmen, master craftsmen even. Runes can be either bought from the various Rune shops found across RuneScape, traded with other players, purchased on the Grand Exchange, created from rune essence or pure essence through the Runecrafting skill, obtained from the Runecrafting Guild, procured. The full version contains witcher gear but might break your game as Scavenger Hunt quests that you haven't. Witcher 3 add. Forgotten Wolf School Gear. As this is not a Witcher Item, it can't be upgraded in the current version of the game. Selecting "Crafting" will bring up the sub-options mentioned above. you can even see that both types of lesser runes (crafted or looted. sergykid Jul 19, 2015 @ 12:21pm. Similar to runes, glyphs are applied to empty upgrade slots on armor to permanently upgrade the Witcher's abilities . " Although this sword would be effective. It also has the benefit of changing his. It can be purchased from the following merchants: the Preacher, an alchemist disguised as an Eternal Fire priest in Electors' Square. For example, you have to buy the Lesser Morana rune to get started. The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt (PlayStation 4) How does runestone crafting work? I have a few diagrams for runestones, namely for a Chernobog runestone. Tired of anon posting? Register! The Witcher 3 Wiki Guide: Full Walkthrough, Quest Outcomes, weapons, armor, signs, creatures, maps, alchemy and crafting guides and monster lists. Martin. Levels 1-9: The Abyss Mini-quest. Fans have a few options on Nexus when it comes to mods that add additional. Armor Diagrams in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt refer to instructions for the Crafting of Armor and related items. Tier 2: Triglav and Devana Runestones. I bet that the people who buy and play The Witcher 3 are people who mostly have played a lot of other RPGs.